Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of six nutritive ingredients in leaves and stems of young tetraploid black locust in growing steers

Tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a woody plant with larger leaves and richer nutritional content than normal diploid black locust, with greater biomass and wider adaptability than herbaceous plant forage. However, currently no stockbreeders have adopted it as a major forage in China and other countries for a lack of information on the evaluation of nutritional ingredients of leaves and stems of young tetraploid black locust (YTBL) by in situ digesting tests. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assess the nutritive value of YTBL that bourgeoned from root stumps in the spring by determining the ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) from leaves, stems and a mixture of both leaves and stems (MLS) of YTBL; 2) to compare these kinetic estimates with those of Leymus chinensis, a widely used ruminant forage in China. All samples were evaluated in situ by using five ruminally cannulated crossbred steers (550±22.7 kg BW). The results of 48 hours, the representative incubation period, indicate that in situ disappearance rates of DM and OM in YTBL leaves, stems and MLS are on average about 40% and can attain the level of digestibility of L. chinensis. In situ disappearance rates of leaves, stems and MLS of YTBL for CP and EE were 41% and 58% respectively, rates higher than those of L. chinensis. But the disappearance rates of NDF and ADF were, on average, respectively 30.62% and 24.89% and lower than those of L. chinensis. By analyzing synthetically all of our results it could be inferred that MLS of YTBL offers effective ruminal degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE and OM, similar to the nutrients of L. chinensis. This supports our contention that the YTBL leaves, stems and MLS are suitable feed for those ruminants requiring high levels of nutrients, such as dairy cows and Boer goats, instead of plant forage, which is decidedly lacking in some parts of the world.     

麻鸭和樱桃谷鸭的CD3ε、CD4、CD8α基因ORF克隆及序列分析

 【目的】分析比较中国部分品种鸭的CD3ε、CD4和CD8α基因ORF序列,为研究CD3ε链、CD4和CD8α链的结构和功能及其抗体的应用提供依据。【方法】利用RT-PCR,对麻鸭、樱桃谷鸭的CD3ε、CD4和CD8α基因ORF序列克隆测定,应用ClustalX（1.83）和DNAstar生物学软件分别与GenBank上公布的北京鸭CD3ε（AF378704）、CD4（AF378701）和CD8α（AF378373）基因ORF序列进行序列分析。【结果】麻鸭、樱桃谷鸭、北京鸭CD3ε和CD4基因ORF序列及所编码的氨基酸同源性为99%;北京鸭和麻鸭CD8α基因ORF序列同源性为99%,与樱桃谷鸭的同源性为95%。麻鸭和北京鸭CD8α基因ORF序基因编码的氨基酸完全一致,与樱桃谷鸭的CD8α存在16处位点差异,其中胞外区有15个氨基酸的差异,使亲水性、抗原性以及此区域位于蛋白质表面的可能性都有明显差异。从遗传发生树得出樱桃谷鸭、北京鸭、麻鸭CD3ε和CD4的ORF序列相互之间的遗传关系近;樱桃谷鸭、麻鸭和北京鸭CD8α基因ORF序列之间的遗传关系较远。【结论】樱桃谷鸭、北京鸭、麻鸭CD3ε和CD4的ORF序列遗传变异性低,樱桃谷鸭与麻鸭和北京鸭CD8α基因ORF之间具有较高遗传变异性。     

圆盘式果园开沟机刀盘作业模态分析

以果园开沟机的开沟装置为研究对象,设计了开沟机的传动机构,使用SolidWorks进行各齿轮造型并根据实际传动比进行配合,此齿轮传动为减速传动。利用Inventor对开沟机进行三维造型,并对开沟装置进行模态分析。结果表明:弯曲变形是开沟机发生破坏的主要形式,开沟机工作转速符合模态分析的要求,不会与开沟机主体发生共振破坏;开沟装置设计合理,为进一步对开沟机进行优化设计提供了数据参考。     

基于模态分析的机械式无级变速器星形轮的优化设计

机械式无级变速器在机械传动调速方面发挥着巨大的作用。建立以总传动比最大为目标函数的优化模型,利用MATLAB编程求解,得到优化后的结构尺寸。分别以优化前后的结构尺寸在PRO/E中绘制凸轮式无级变速装置三维实体模型,对输出轴进行力学分析,对传动齿轮进行模态分析,对比总变形量。结果表明,该设计有利于降低结构尺寸,减少制造成本。     

大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的模态分析

为研究大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的振动特性,基于ANSYS有限元分析软件对大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的模态特性进行研究,分析了大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴前5阶振型图及固有频率,并对其各阶固有频率对应的临界转速进行研究.研究表明,大流量自吸离心泵机组轴在支撑间距以及形式的影响下,主要体现出扭曲振动,且第4阶发生了2次扭转变形,呈现对称变化分布.与此同时,大流量自吸离心泵机组轴的设计转速为2 200.00 r/min,而大流量自吸离心泵机组轴的最低临界转速达到2 848.07 r/min,高于实际转速2 200.00 r/min,从而避免了发生共振的可能.采用合理的结构设计可以有效地避免大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴发生共振,通过模态分析得到振型图和动画显示,清晰地展现出大流量自吸离心泵机组轴与曲轴的动态特性,为系统的安全运行、振动分析以及结构的优化设计提供重要的理论依据.     

基于流固耦合模型的U型渡槽模态分析及验证

为提高渡槽结构工作模态特征的准确度,结合附加质量法原理和流固耦合（fluid solid interaction,FSI）系统理论,以景电工程输水渡槽为研究对象,建立不同形式的固-液耦合模型,对其进行工作模态数值分析,并将数值分析结果与采用小波阈值-经验模态分解联合滤波的希尔伯特-黄变换法（hilbert-huang transform,HHT）实测提取的频率值进行对比。结果表明：考虑FSI系统耦合模型的结果与HHT辨识结果吻合的较好,最大误差值为4.59%,比附加质量模型最大误差小5.97百分点,同阶次频率误差均比附加质量模型小,且弥补了附加质量模型出现的模态缺失现象。可见考虑FSI系统耦合模型的计算结果在模拟阶数和精度方面都优于附加质量模型,能准确反映渡槽结构的工作特性,可用在渡槽结构动力特性分析中,亦可作为后续渡槽结构损伤诊断研究的基准有限元模型。     

南方型紫花苜蓿叶片响应盐胁迫蛋白质组和转录组关联分析

为了从基因和蛋白质水平上揭示南方型紫花苜蓿适应盐胁迫环境的分子机制,以南方型紫花苜蓿Millennium为材料,对正常培养和盐胁迫条件下的2个样品叶片进行转录组和蛋白质组关联分析。结果表明,定量蛋白和基因关联系数为0.2485;变化趋势相反差异蛋白和基因表达的关联系数为-0.2440;变化趋势相同差异蛋白质和基因表达的关联系数为0.8122。鉴定出109个与差异基因表达趋势相同的差异蛋白,其中77个上调,32个下调,这些差异蛋白功能涉及光合作用、抗氧化物、信号传递、翻译后修饰、翻译和分子伴侣、胁迫防御、能量产生与转运、代谢和其它未知功能蛋白等。下调表达的蛋白主要与光合作用相关,而上调表达的蛋白主要参与了抗氧化物、信号传递和胁迫防御等。此外,关联发现了与紫花苜蓿盐胁迫响应相关的III类过氧化物酶、铁蛋白、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C、LRR类受体激酶、ABA反应蛋白、钙联接蛋白2、液泡H+-ATP酶C亚基和NADP-苹果酸酶等差异蛋白。本研究通过高通量多组学数据的关联分析,发现一些可能作为紫花苜蓿耐盐潜在靶标蛋白(基因),这为深入认识紫花苜蓿盐胁迫的应答分子调控机制奠定了坚实的基础。     

氮胁迫下小麦叶片转录组分析

氮素是小麦生长发育过程中重要的营养元素,利用转录组技术鉴定参与小麦低氮胁迫分子调控网络的基因,对揭示小麦耐低氮分子机理、开展耐低氮育种具有重要参考意义。采用Illumina HiseqTM 2500高通量测序技术,对小麦品种晋麦47正常生长和低氮胁迫下的叶片进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因并在GO、KEGG 数据库中进行比对注释,分析小麦低氮胁迫响应相关基因。结果显示,对照组与低氮组分别获得高质量序列52 383 726和52 192 061条,检测到差异表达基因1 267个,其中上调表达基因179个,下调表达基因1 088个。差异基因GO功能注释到3个大类的44个功能组。差异表达基因被注释到178个途径上,主要富集于氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、脂类代谢和信号传导等途径。转录因子分析发现,在低氮条件下变化明显的转录因子家族包括WRKY、MYB和NAC等。     

Geostatistical Analyses of Soil Salinity in a Large Field

Estimating spatial variability of soil salinity is an important issue in precision agriculture. Geostatistical methods provide a means to study the heterogeneous nature of spatial distributions of soil salinity. In this study, geostatistical methods, kriging and cokriging, were applied to estimate sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in a 3375 ha agricultural field. In cokriging, more easily measured data of electrical conductivity (EC) were incorporated to improve the estimation of SAR. The estimated spatial distributions of SAR using the geostatistical methods with various reduced data sets were compared with the extensive salinity measurements in the large field. The results suggest that sampling cost can be dramatically reduced and estimation can be significantly improved using cokriging. Compared with the kriging results using total SAR data, cokriging with reduced data sets of SAR improves the estimations greatly by reducing mean squared error and kriging variance up to 70% and increasing correlation of estimates and measurements about 60%. The sampling costs for SAR estimation can be reduced approximately by 80% using extensive EC data together with a small portion of SAR data in cokriging.     

会宁县农机培训工作发展初探

本文通过对会宁县农业机械化培训工作现状的具体分析，提出了新时期搞好农机化培训工作的新思路。旨在探索新世纪县级农业机械化培训工作的新举措。